帕金森氏病（PD）是一种神经系统疾病，具有各种可观察到的与运动相关的症状，例如运动缓慢，震颤，肌肉僵硬和姿势受损。 PD通常通过评估运动障碍系统（例如运动障碍协会统一帕金森氏病评级量表（MDS-UPDRS））的评分系统来诊断PD。使用个体视频记录的自动严重性预测为无侵入性监测运动障碍提供了有希望的途径。但是，PD步态数据的大小有限阻碍模型能力和临床潜力。由于这种临床数据的稀缺性，并受到自我监督的大规模语言模型（例如GPT-3）的最新进展的启发，我们将人类运动预测用作有效的自我监督预训练的任务来估计运动障碍的严重性。我们介绍步态预测和损伤估计变压器，该变压器首先在公共数据集中进行预测以预测步态运动，然后应用于临床数据以预测MDS-UPDRS步态障碍的严重性。我们的方法的表现优于以前的方法，这些方法仅依赖于临床数据，从而达到了0.76的F1得分，精度为0.79，召回率为0.75。使用GaitForemer，我们展示了公共人类运动数据存储库如何通过学习通用运动表示来帮助临床用例。该代码可从https://github.com/markendo/gaitforemer获得。

数据驱动模型发现中的中央挑战是存在隐藏或潜伏的变量，这些变量不会直接测量，而是动态重要。 TAKENS的定理提供了在可能随时间延迟信息中增加这些部分测量的条件，导致吸引物，这是对原始全状态系统的扩散逻辑。然而，回到原始吸引子的坐标变换通常是未知的，并且学习嵌入空间中的动态仍然是几十年的开放挑战。在这里，我们设计自定义深度AutoEncoder网络，以学习从延迟嵌入空间的坐标转换到一个新的空间，其中可以以稀疏，封闭的形式表示动态。我们在Lorenz，R \“Ossler和Lotka-Volterra系统上，从单个测量变量的学习动态展示了这种方法。作为一个具有挑战性的例子，我们从混乱的水车视频中提取的单个标量变量中学到一个洛伦兹类似物得到的建模框架结合了深入的学习来揭示可解释建模的非线性动力学（SINDY）的揭示有效坐标和稀疏识别。因此，我们表明可以同时学习闭合模型和部分的坐标系观察到的动态。

自动化数据驱动的建模，直接发现系统的管理方程的过程越来越多地用于科学界。 Pysindy是一个Python包，提供用于应用非线性动力学（SINDY）方法的稀疏识别到数据驱动模型发现的工具。在Pysindy的这一主要更新中，我们实现了几种高级功能，使得能够从嘈杂和有限的数据中发现更一般的微分方程。延长候选术语库，用于识别致动系统，部分微分方程（PDE）和隐式差分方程。还实施了包括Sindy和合奏技术的整体形式的强大配方，以提高现实世界数据的性能。最后，我们提供了一系列新的优化算法，包括多元稀疏的回归技术和算法来强制执行和促进不等式约束和稳定性。这些更新在一起，可以在文献中尚未报告的全新SINDY模型发现能力，例如约束PDE识别和使用不同稀疏的回归优化器合并。

While the brain connectivity network can inform the understanding and diagnosis of developmental dyslexia, its cause-effect relationships have not yet enough been examined. Employing electroencephalography signals and band-limited white noise stimulus at 4.8 Hz (prosodic-syllabic frequency), we measure the phase Granger causalities among channels to identify differences between dyslexic learners and controls, thereby proposing a method to calculate directional connectivity. As causal relationships run in both directions, we explore three scenarios, namely channels' activity as sources, as sinks, and in total. Our proposed method can be used for both classification and exploratory analysis. In all scenarios, we find confirmation of the established right-lateralized Theta sampling network anomaly, in line with the temporal sampling framework's assumption of oscillatory differences in the Theta and Gamma bands. Further, we show that this anomaly primarily occurs in the causal relationships of channels acting as sinks, where it is significantly more pronounced than when only total activity is observed. In the sink scenario, our classifier obtains 0.84 and 0.88 accuracy and 0.87 and 0.93 AUC for the Theta and Gamma bands, respectively.

There are multiple scales of abstraction from which we can describe the same image, depending on whether we are focusing on fine-grained details or a more global attribute of the image. In brain mapping, learning to automatically parse images to build representations of both small-scale features (e.g., the presence of cells or blood vessels) and global properties of an image (e.g., which brain region the image comes from) is a crucial and open challenge. However, most existing datasets and benchmarks for neuroanatomy consider only a single downstream task at a time. To bridge this gap, we introduce a new dataset, annotations, and multiple downstream tasks that provide diverse ways to readout information about brain structure and architecture from the same image. Our multi-task neuroimaging benchmark (MTNeuro) is built on volumetric, micrometer-resolution X-ray microtomography images spanning a large thalamocortical section of mouse brain, encompassing multiple cortical and subcortical regions. We generated a number of different prediction challenges and evaluated several supervised and self-supervised models for brain-region prediction and pixel-level semantic segmentation of microstructures. Our experiments not only highlight the rich heterogeneity of this dataset, but also provide insights into how self-supervised approaches can be used to learn representations that capture multiple attributes of a single image and perform well on a variety of downstream tasks. Datasets, code, and pre-trained baseline models are provided at: https://mtneuro.github.io/ .

The ability to convert reciprocating, i.e., alternating, actuation into rotary motion using linkages is hindered fundamentally by their poor torque transmission capability around kinematic singularity configurations. Here, we harness the elastic potential energy of a linear spring attached to the coupler link of four-bar mechanisms to manipulate force transmission around the kinematic singularities. We developed a theoretical model to explore the parameter space for proper force transmission in slider-crank and rocker-crank four-bar kinematics. Finally, we verified the proposed model and methodology by building and testing a macro-scale prototype of a slider-crank mechanism. We expect this approach to enable the development of small-scale rotary engines and robotic devices with closed kinematic chains dealing with serial kinematic singularities, such as linkages and parallel manipulators.

This paper considers a combination of actuation tendons and measurement strings to achieve accurate shape sensing and direct kinematics of continuum robots. Assuming general string routing, a methodical Lie group formulation for the shape sensing of these robots is presented. The shape kinematics is expressed using arc-length-dependent curvature distributions parameterized by modal functions, and the Magnus expansion for Lie group integration is used to express the shape as a product of exponentials. The tendon and string length kinematic constraints are solved for the modal coefficients and the configuration space and body Jacobian are derived. The noise amplification index for the shape reconstruction problem is defined and used for optimizing the string/tendon routing paths, and a planar simulation study shows the minimal number of strings/tendons needed for accurate shape reconstruction. A torsionally stiff continuum segment is used for experimental evaluation, demonstrating mean (maximal) end-effector absolute position error of less than 2% (5%) of total length. Finally, a simulation study of a torsionally compliant segment demonstrates the approach for general deflections and string routings. We believe that the methods of this paper can benefit the design process, sensing and control of continuum and soft robots.

Image classification with small datasets has been an active research area in the recent past. However, as research in this scope is still in its infancy, two key ingredients are missing for ensuring reliable and truthful progress: a systematic and extensive overview of the state of the art, and a common benchmark to allow for objective comparisons between published methods. This article addresses both issues. First, we systematically organize and connect past studies to consolidate a community that is currently fragmented and scattered. Second, we propose a common benchmark that allows for an objective comparison of approaches. It consists of five datasets spanning various domains (e.g., natural images, medical imagery, satellite data) and data types (RGB, grayscale, multispectral). We use this benchmark to re-evaluate the standard cross-entropy baseline and ten existing methods published between 2017 and 2021 at renowned venues. Surprisingly, we find that thorough hyper-parameter tuning on held-out validation data results in a highly competitive baseline and highlights a stunted growth of performance over the years. Indeed, only a single specialized method dating back to 2019 clearly wins our benchmark and outperforms the baseline classifier.

The availability of frequent and cost-free satellite images is in growing demand in the research world. Such satellite constellations as Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2 provide a massive amount of valuable data daily. However, the discrepancy in the sensors' characteristics of these satellites makes it senseless to use a segmentation model trained on either dataset and applied to another, which is why domain adaptation techniques have recently become an active research area in remote sensing. In this paper, an experiment of domain adaptation through style-transferring is conducted using the HRSemI2I model to narrow the sensor discrepancy between Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2. This paper's main contribution is analyzing the expediency of that approach by comparing the results of segmentation using domain-adapted images with those without adaptation. The HRSemI2I model, adjusted to work with 6-band imagery, shows significant intersection-over-union performance improvement for both mean and per class metrics. A second contribution is providing different schemes of generalization between two label schemes - NALCMS 2015 and CORINE. The first scheme is standardization through higher-level land cover classes, and the second is through harmonization validation in the field.

In this paper, we address the problem of multimodal emotion recognition from multiple physiological signals. We demonstrate that a Transformer-based approach is suitable for this task. In addition, we present how such models may be pretrained in a multimodal scenario to improve emotion recognition performances. We evaluate the benefits of using multimodal inputs and pre-training with our approach on a state-ofthe-art dataset.